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<DIV dir=ltr align=left><FONT face=Tahoma size=2><B>Subject:</B> [K9Scoop] USA:
Canine DNA Testing<BR></FONT><BR></DIV>
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<P><BR><A
href="http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-sci-dogdna24jun24,0,7597881.story?coll=la-home-nation">http://www.latimes.<WBR>com/news/<WBR>nationworld/<WBR>nation/la-<WBR>sci-dogdna24jun2<WBR>4,0,7597881.<WBR>story?coll=<WBR>la-home-nation</A><BR>From
the Los Angeles Times<BR><BR>Decoding the secret lives of dogs<BR>DNA testing
used to study disease and confirm<BR>pedigrees is also being used to reveal
which breeds<BR>make up a mutt's background.<BR>By Karen Kaplan<BR>Times Staff
Writer<BR><BR>June 24, 2007<BR><BR>The Wilson family had puzzled over their mutt
Drake's<BR>distinctive behavior ever since they brought him home<BR>from the
Washington Animal Rescue League four<BR>years ago.<BR><BR>Workers at the shelter
told them the dog was a mix of<BR>spaniel and Plott hound. But his propensity to
leap<BR>over 4-foot fences and herd family members as<BR>if they were livestock
had them thinking border<BR>collie.<BR><BR>The answer to Drake's past came in
the form of a $65<BR>DNA test that promised to scour his genes for
telltale<BR>signs of the breeds in his family tree. "We<BR>were always curious
as to what breeds went together to<BR>create him," Marcy Wilson said. "We just
assumed we<BR>could never find out."<BR><BR>Not long ago, genetic testing was a
rarefied pursuit<BR>used primarily to settle paternity suits,
diagnose<BR>medical conditions and identify rapists and killers.<BR><BR>Now DNA
testing has gone to the dogs. With sequencing<BR>technology becoming less
expensive, dog owners are<BR>having their pets tested — and sometimes
finding<BR>that unraveling the mysteries of their genetic code<BR>can be a mixed
blessing.<BR><BR>For less money than a luxury shampoo and doggy<BR>massage,
owners of Canis familiaris can uncover their<BR>pooch's ancestry or take an
inventory of its<BR>constituent<BR>breeds. The tests can also reveal
debilitating health<BR>problems and other genetic surprises.<BR><BR>"If you're
an animal lover, you can't resist this,"<BR>said Jan Lovelady, a nurse
administrator in Gilbert,<BR>Ariz., who had her mutt's DNA analyzed to see
which<BR>breeds were in his lineage.<BR><BR>Half a dozen or so dog DNA analysis
companies have<BR>sprouted across the country and peddle their services<BR>at
dog shows and over the Internet. The firms guard<BR>their sales figures closely,
but each claims to have<BR>tested several hundred to several thousand
dogs.<BR><BR>The DNA of 400,000 purebred dams and sires has been<BR>registered
with the American Kennel Club, which has<BR>required breeders to submit genetic
samples since<BR>1998.<BR><BR>But the rush to genetically type man's best
friends<BR>has raised many of the same concerns as the typing of<BR>man
himself.<BR><BR>"It's one more way of codifying the American cultural<BR>belief
in genes as the foundation of everything<BR>important," said Donna Haraway, a
historian of science<BR>and culture at UC Santa Cruz. "I find it
mildly<BR>disgusting."<BR><BR>Then again, as the proud owner of two dogs, she
added:<BR>"I might actually buy such a test."<BR><BR>Dog DNA tests generally
fall into three categories:<BR>proof of maternity or paternity, genealogy,
and<BR>identification of mutations associated with disease.<BR>Genetic tests are
available for other animals — to<BR>determine the sex of birds, for instance, or
the coat<BR>color that cats may pass to their kittens.<BR><BR>Far more can be
gleaned about dogs because of their<BR>use in medical research for human
diseases, including<BR>cancer, heart disease, blindness, epilepsy
and<BR>diabetes. The complete dog genome was published in<BR>2005, making it the
fifth mammalian genome decoded,<BR>after humans, mice, rats and
chimpanzees.<BR><BR>The earliest consumer tests stemmed from the
American<BR>Kennel Club's attempts to ensure the validity of<BR>pedigrees for
155 breeds of dogs.<BR><BR>As it turned out, the DNA evidence cast a shadow
on<BR>the scrupulous record-keeping that is the hallmark of<BR>elite
purebreds.<BR><BR>When the policy was implemented nine years ago,
random<BR>inspections found that 13% of puppies had the wrong<BR>parents listed
on their pedigrees, said club<BR>spokeswoman Lisa Peterson.<BR><BR>Some of those
cases involved legitimate mix-ups,<BR>because puppies in the same litter can
have different<BR>fathers. But there were also cases that
involved<BR>unscrupulous breeders falsifying information on a<BR>pedigree to
boost the puppy's value.<BR><BR>"Whenever there's a question about the parents,
it<BR>raises questions about the integrity of the breeder,"<BR>said Randall
Smith, manager for DDC Veterinary,<BR>a Fairfield, Ohio, company that tests tens
of<BR>thousands of animal DNA samples each year.<BR><BR>Today, the pedigree
error rate has dropped to about<BR>4%, according to the AKC.<BR><BR>Genetic
tests have proven a powerful tool for breeders<BR>to continue shaping the
evolution of dogs, which began<BR>more than 15,000 years ago when a few
curious<BR>wolves ventured into ancient human encampments.<BR>Selecting for
desired traits like docility and<BR>obedience, prehistoric people domesticated
those<BR>animals<BR>and created a new species.<BR><BR>But hundreds of years of
inbreeding to create modern<BR>purebred dogs has come at a cost. Certain breeds
have<BR>persistent genetic problems cemented into their<BR>DNA. A crippling
joint ailment known as hip dysplasia,<BR>for instance, is common among German
shepherds,<BR>Labrador retrievers, Rottweilers and other
large<BR>dogs.<BR><BR>Joan Bendure, who breeds Portuguese water dogs
in<BR>Fairview, Pa., became interested in canine genetics<BR>when two of her
dogs were diagnosed with progressive<BR>retinal atrophy, a disease that attacks
peripheral and<BR>nighttime vision before leading to blindness.<BR><BR>The
disease "destroyed a lot of kennels," she said.<BR>"For me, it took four dogs
out of the breeding pool<BR>and left me with one."<BR><BR>Bendure and other
Portuguese water dog owners<BR>recruited a pair of ophthalmologists to study
the<BR>disease and sent them DNA samples from their blind<BR>dogs.<BR><BR>The
researchers zeroed in on the gene responsible and<BR>discovered that it took two
faulty copies to make a<BR>dog go blind. Dogs carrying a single
defective<BR>copy from one parent were not affected.<BR><BR>With a genetic test
in hand, it became possible to<BR>breed dogs with one mutated gene as long as
their<BR>mates were "clean." That helped keep the gene pool<BR>bigger and the
overall population healthier, Bendure<BR>said. "If you don't have healthy dogs,
it doesn't<BR>matter how beautiful they are," she said.<BR><BR>For many dog
owners, the allure of peering into DNA<BR>stems from a simpler desire. No matter
how well they<BR>think they know their dog, there is always a sense<BR>of
mystery about them.<BR><BR>Rob and Carole Sims of Morrisville, N.C., turned
to<BR>DNA to answer a question that had stumped them for<BR>years: How could
their two golden retrievers — born<BR>of the same mother and father — be so
maddeningly<BR>different?<BR><BR>Liberty was gentle, mild-mannered and easy to
train;<BR>Justice was the complete opposite. It drove the
Simses<BR>crazy.<BR><BR>Had there been a mix-up at the kennel? Did they
take<BR>home the wrong dog?<BR><BR>Rob Sims mailed swabs from the dogs' cheeks
to a lab<BR>in Ohio that charged $35 for each test. The results<BR>arrived 10
days later.<BR><BR>"As soon as you open the report, it's crystal clear
—<BR>they're sisters," he said.<BR><BR>The DNA results did little to explain why
the sisters<BR>were so different. But it helped him to accept Justice<BR>for the
dog that she is.<BR><BR>As the dogs have grown, he has even come to
embrace<BR>their differences. He compares them to his daughters,<BR>Audra and
Nicole, one a forest service investigator<BR>and the other a high school
computer science teacher.<BR><BR>"I have to say in retrospect, I'm absolutely
delighted<BR>that we have Liberty and Justice," he said.<BR><BR>A more elaborate
test was necessary to parse out the<BR>various breeds that made up Marcy and Rip
Wilsons'<BR>dog, Drake.<BR><BR>Tests to determine various breeds examine
specific<BR>points in a dog's DNA and look for signature patterns<BR>that are
known to be correlated with specific breeds.<BR><BR>"It's just like when people
say, 'Where'd your<BR>ancestors come from?' " said Elaine Ostrander,
who<BR>helped develop one such test while searching for genes<BR>to study cancer
in dogs at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer<BR>Research Center in Seattle.<BR><BR>The
result is a blood test that can detect DNA<BR>contributions from 134 recognized
breeds. Mars<BR>Veterinary will begin selling it through vet
offices<BR>next<BR>month under the name Wisdom Panel.<BR><BR>The Wilsons used a
$65 Canine Heritage Breed Test from<BR>MMI Genomics Inc. of Davis, Calif. The
test looks at<BR>96 points and can identify 38 breeds that encompass<BR>75% of
all dogs.<BR><BR>"We always thought he was a border collie," Marcy<BR>Wilson
said. "If we go anywhere near the foyer of the<BR>house, he will come from
whatever room he's in and<BR>try to herd us out the door."<BR><BR>While they
waited for Drake's test results, the four<BR>family members placed $1 bets on
his true heritage.<BR>"We were all guessing border collie, chow and
lower<BR>levels of lab and spaniel," Marcy Wilson said.<BR><BR>They were right
about the Labrador and spaniel genes,<BR>but none of them expected that the test
would conclude<BR>he was more Siberian husky than anything else.<BR><BR>After
the results came in, Rip Wilson spent hours<BR>reading up on huskies to better
understand his dog's<BR>true nature.<BR><BR>In retrospect, said the biotech
executive, the family<BR>shouldn't have been so surprised. Drake's
proclivity<BR>for digging holes near the backyard azalea bush<BR>turned out to
be a characteristic husky trait.<BR><BR>And that's not all.<BR><BR>"He adores
the snow — he'll just hang outside in the<BR>snow for hours," Rip Wilson said.
"I never clued in on<BR>it."<BR><BR><A
href="mailto:karen.kaplan%40latimes.com">karen.kaplan@<WBR>latimes.com</A><BR><BR>Copyright
2007 Los Angeles Times
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}
#ygrp-sponsor #ov {
        PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; PADDING-LEFT: 13px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 20px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6px; PADDING-TOP: 6px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #e0ecee
}
#ygrp-sponsor #ov UL {
        PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 8px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px
}
#ygrp-sponsor #ov LI {
        PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 77%; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6px; PADDING-TOP: 6px; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: square
}
#ygrp-sponsor #ov LI A {
        FONT-SIZE: 130%; TEXT-DECORATION: none
}
#ygrp-sponsor #nc {
        PADDING-RIGHT: 8px; PADDING-LEFT: 8px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 20px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #eee
}
#ygrp-sponsor .ad {
        PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 8px; PADDING-TOP: 8px
}
#ygrp-sponsor .ad #hd1 {
        FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 100%; COLOR: #628c2a; LINE-HEIGHT: 122%; FONT-FAMILY: Arial
}
#ygrp-sponsor .ad A {
        TEXT-DECORATION: none
}
#ygrp-sponsor .ad A:hover {
        TEXT-DECORATION: underline
}
#ygrp-sponsor .ad P {
        MARGIN: 0px
}
o {
        FONT-SIZE: 0px
}
.MsoNormal {
        MARGIN: 0px
}
#ygrp-text TT {
        FONT-SIZE: 120%
}
BLOCKQUOTE {
        MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 4px
}
.replbq {
        
}
</STYLE>
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